Numerical modeling of hybrid composite materials

Nabil Bouhfid , ... Abou el kacem Qaiss , in Modelling of Damage Processes in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 2019

5.6 Conclusion

Hybrid composite materials are increasingly utilized in many engineering applications because they offer a number of enhanced properties and various advantages over traditional composite materials. The mechanical properties of hybrid composites consist of n (n  >   2) jointly working phases, which are very important. For this reason, the modeling of the mechanical properties of hybrid composites as mentioned previously is done by using a linear coupling of numerical simulation models. However, the mechanical behavior of hybrid composites depends not only on the character of a matrix and reinforcements but also on properties of the interface between these components and the matrix, which must be taken into consideration in the numerical modeling of the mechanical properties. Furthermore, the effect of environmental aging should be taken into account for numerical modeling of hybrid composite materials.

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Finite element modeling of natural fiber-based hybrid composites

A. Karakoti , ... M. Manikandan , in Modelling of Damage Processes in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 2019

Abstract

Hybrid composites have distinctive characteristics that can be utilized in various structures and/or structural components without compromising their structural performance and durability. However, use of natural fibers in composites makes the structure more economical as well as eco-friendly. In this chapter, natural fibers and their classifications are discussed, followed by the hybrid composite and its material modeling. Continuous, numerical solutions of natural fiber-based hybrid composites are also demonstrated through appropriate finite element steps. For computational purposes, two different natural fibers, i.e., jute and flax, and epoxy as matrix material are used to different extents. The overall material properties of hybrid composites are evaluated through a simple rule of hybrid mixture and the modified Halpin–Tsai scheme. A higher-order mathematical model is developed in a finite element framework to obtain the flexural responses of hybrid composites. The displacement field is based on higher-order shear deformation theory with nine degrees of freedom. A nine-noded isoparametric Lagrangian element is utilized to discretize the hybrid composite panel. The governing equation of a hybrid composite panel subjected to uniform pressure is achieved through the minimum total potential energy principle. The desired responses of hybrid composites are obtained through customized MATLAB code. Influences of different parameters such as geometrical (side-to-thickness ratio, side-to-length ratio), volume fractions, number of layers, and support conditions on the flexural responses of a natural fiber-based hybrid composite panel are exemplified and discussed in detail through appropriate illustrations. It is found that fully clamped and large side-to-length ratio composite panels exhibit minimum deflection under uniform pressure. However, the addition of flax content enhances the overall stiffness and strength of a hybrid composite.

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Composites for Biomedical Applications

E. Wintermantel , ... T.N. Goehring , in Encyclopedia of Materials: Science and Technology, 2001

(d) Hybrid composites

Hybrid composites are constructed from a matrix, microfillers, traditional fillers, and rarely from glass fibers. Depending on the size of the traditional fillers, these can be divided into coarse and fine hybrid composites. They are always highly filled, their Young's modulus is dentin-like, and the radioopacity is good. In coarse hybrid composites the traditional fillers are about 3–5  μm and their characteristics are comparable to those of traditional composites. In fine hybrid composites the size of the traditional fillers is 2   μm. The surface is nearly smooth, acceptable to polish, and wear of the restoration and the antagonists can be equal to those of human enamel. The stability of the restoration is good.

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Natural lightweight hybrid composites for aircraft structural applications

Mohammad R.M. Jamir , ... Azduwin Khasri , in Sustainable Composites for Aerospace Applications, 2018

8.2 Advantages of hybrid composites

Hybrid composites are materials that are fabricated by combining two or more different types of fibers within a common matrix. There are several definitions of hybrid composites given by various researchers. Thwe and Liao [4] defined hybrid composites as a reinforcing material incorporated in a mixture of different matrices. On the other hand, Fu et al. [5] explained that these composites are a reinforcing material that is incorporated into two or more reinforcing and filling materials that are present in a single matrix [5]. Hybrid composites are more advanced than other fiber-supported composites, and have a wider range of potential applications. Previous studies on natural–synthetic fiber hybrid composites have primarily focused on reducing the use of synthetic fibers [6–8]. Furthermore, a previous study described the potential advantages associated with natural–synthetic fiber hybridization [9].

The performance of hybrid composites is a weighted sum of the individual constituents in which there is a more favorable balance between the inherent advantages and disadvantages. The benefits of one type of fiber could complement properties that are lacking in other types of constituents in the hybrid composites. As a result, a balance in cost and performance could be achieved through proper material design [10]. A few examples of hybrid composites include kenaf–aramid with Kevlar [11], woven jute/glass fabric [12], and sisal fiber-reinforced polyester composites with the addition of carbon [13]. Hani et al. [14] also investigated woven coir–Kevlar hybrid composites, and found that coconut coir could be used to replace some of the synthetic fibers within the composite, which would consequently improve the resistance of the material to high speed impact and penetration.

The properties of a hybrid composite can be influenced by the orientation of the fibers, fiber content and length, layering patterns of the two fibers, their intermingling capacities, fiber-to-matrix interface, and also the failure strain of single fibers. The rule of mixtures was used to predict the properties of the hybrid system consisting of two components. In other words, CH=C1V1+C2V2 [4], where CH is the property to be investigated, C1 the corresponding property of the first system, and C2 the corresponding property of the second system; V1 and V2 are the relative hybrid volume fractions of the first and second systems where V1+V2=1 [15].

The hybrid effect, either positive or negative, can describe the phenomenon of an apparent synergistic enhancement in the properties of a composite that contains two or more types of fibers [9]. The constituent selection of the hybrid composite is influenced by the purpose of hybridization, the requirements imposed on the material, and the construction being developed. In designing and producing hybrid composites, the biggest problems are during the selection of compatible fibers, and the level of the fiber's properties [10]. In order to achieve the best performance from hybrid composites, several researchers blended two fibers to improve the negative attributes of both. Sisal and oil palm fibers are an excellent combination of hybrid composites, due to the high tensile strength of the sisal fiber and the high toughness of the oil palm fiber. Therefore, any composite that comprises both sisal and oil palm fibers will exhibit the desirable properties of the respective constituents [16].

A hybrid composite can be used for primary structures in commercial, industrial, aerospace, marine, and recreational structures. It has a wide array of benefits in the aerospace industry, such as great fatigue and corrosion resistance, and excellent impact resistance. The most significant advantage is weight reduction, where it could generate savings in the range of 20%–50%. Furthermore, the mechanical properties can be tailored by "lay-up" design, with tapering thicknesses of reinforcing fabric and changing orientation.

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Investigation into fatigue strength of natural/synthetic fiber-based composite materials

Asim Shahzad , in Mechanical and Physical Testing of Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 2019

12.4.6 Hybridization

Hybrid composites use more than one kind of reinforcement in the same matrix; hence, the idea is to get the synergistic effect of the properties of reinforcements on the overall properties of composites. With hybrid composites it may be possible to have greater control of the properties, achieving a more favorable balance between the advantages and disadvantages inherent in any composite material. Earlier attempts at hybridization were made by combining stiffer fibers (carbon and boron) with more compliant fibers (glass and Kevlar) to increase the strain to failure of the composite and hence enhanced impact properties. Besides improving the impact performance, the incorporation of glass fibers reduces the cost and improves the fatigue resistance of the hybrid composites [24]. This is attributed to the increased stiffness of the composite because of carbon fibers. Works done on carbon–glass fiber hybrid composites showed that factors controlling monotonic tensile (and compression) failure do not necessarily continue to determine failure under cyclic loading conditions, and that for fatigue applications there appear to be positive benefits in using hybrids in place of single fiber composites [3].

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Effect of adding sisal fiber on the sliding wear behavior of the coconut sheath fiber-reinforced composite

Muthukumar Chandrasekar , ... M.R. Ishak , in Tribology of Polymer Composites, 2021

4 Conclusion

Hybrid composite with sisal and coconut fibers showed better wear resistance than their counterparts with the individual fibers. Hybrid composites with sisal in the core/coconut sheath fibers in the outer layer and vice versa were found to have lower mass loss, decreased specific wear rate, and smaller value of coefficient of friction against the increasing sliding distance. The optical micrographs showed that hybrid composite specimens had less porosity or voids as opposed to the significantly higher void content in composite with the coconut sheath fibers. This physical attribute is believed to have influenced the wear behavior of the hybrid composites with coconut sheath fiber as the outer layer. The poor wear resistance of composite with coconut sheath fiber was also evident from the optical micrographs that showed the presence of grooves, wear deformation, and uneven surface patches on the polyester matrix. Other than the grooves and surface patches, wear tracks and matrix cracks could also be noticed on the surface of the specimens subjected to wear. However, damage to fiber reinforcement in the form of fiber splitting, fiber pull-out, and fiber stripping was not observed.

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Bolted joint behavior of hybrid composites

Ng Lin Feng , ... Siva Irulappasamy , in Failure Analysis in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 2019

4.2 Overview of hybrid composite materials

Hybrid composite materials have currently received great attention from researchers due to their excellent potential when compared to the non-hybrid single fiber-reinforced composites. Hybrid composites can be defined as the materials that consist of two or more types of fibers embedded in a single polymer matrix [16]. Due to the different diameters of the fibers in the hybrid composites, more effective stress transfer could take place because of the increase in the fiber-matrix interfacial area [17]. This could result from the improvement in the aspect ratio (length to diameter ratio) of the fibers. Furthermore, the positive hybrid effect could be noticed in such materials as the load could still be bridged to the surrounding high elongation fibers upon the fracture of the fibers having low elongation, thus resulting in enhanced mechanical properties of the composites. In fact, hybrid composites can be considered as the weighted sum of the individual constituents in which a balance of advantage and disadvantages of the constituents could be achieved [18]. It is identified that the advantages of one reinforcement could complement the disadvantages of another reinforcement through the hybridization. Consequently, cost-effective hybrid composites with the required properties could be obtained through the appropriate material selection. Apart from the aforementioned advantages, hybrid composites also provide a lightweight characteristic in comparison to non-hybrid synthetic fiber-reinforced composites, which is due to the significant lower density of natural fibers. The lightweight characteristic is one of the criteria that is particularly important in transportation sectors to reduce fuel dependence and energy consumption. With the improvement in mechanical properties and lightweight characteristic in hybrid composites, the structural performance in transportation sectors could be enhanced without significantly deteriorating the safety measures.

However, the mechanical properties of hybrid composite materials are also strongly dependent on the fiber orientations, fiber length, fiber content, fiber-matrix interfacial adhesion, and the failure strain of each individual fiber. It is demonstrated that the maximum hybrid effect can be obtained if the different types of fibers are strain compatible [19]. In the hybrid composites, a positive or negative hybrid effect could be noticed as the mechanical properties of the materials are generally in between those of non-hybrid fiber-reinforced composites. A positive or negative hybrid effect is used to describe the positive or negative deviation from the mechanical properties of non-hybrid fiber-reinforced composites. The design of the hybrid composites to achieve certain properties is dependent on the requirement for certain applications. The selection of the compatible fibers when designing a hybrid structure is important to obtain the desired properties [20]. The properties of the hybrid system can be determined by the rule of mixture shown in Eq. (4.1) [18].

(4.1) P H = P 1 V 1 + P 2 V 2

Where P H is the mechanical properties of the hybrid system, P 1 and P 2 are the mechanical properties of the first system and second system, respectively, and V 1 and V 2 are the volume fraction of the corresponding first and second system.

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Nondestructive testing method for Kevlar and natural fiber and their hybrid composites

Siti Madiha Muhammad Amir , ... Ain Umaira Md Shah , in Durability and Life Prediction in Biocomposites, Fibre-Reinforced Composites and Hybrid Composites, 2019

16.2 Hybrid composites

Hybrid composites are widely used with many applications [4]. Currently, most hybrid composites are made only with synthetic fibers such as Kevlar with carbon, Kevlar with fiberglass, carbon with fiberglass, etc. [5]. However, recently the world has shown wide interest in hybrid composites involving synthetic and natural fibers [6]. Fig. 16.1 shows a synthetic fiber and Fig. 16.2 shows a natural fiber. According to the literature [6], fiber-reinforced polymer composites developed using synthetic fiber have many advantages such as high strength, high stiffness, long fatigue life, adaptability to the function of the structure, corrosion resistance, and environmental stability. There are also drawbacks to this type of material, which are their high cost, high density, poor recycling capability, and nonbiodegradability. For these reasons, the choice of fiber is moving away from synthetic fiber toward natural plant fiber–reinforced polymer composites; materials with natural fiber have satisfactorily high specific strength and modulus, light weight, low cost, and biodegradability. Begum [6] also studied the environmental aspects, the socioeconomic impacts, and the potential of Southeast Asia for contribution to natural fiber–reinforced polymer composite production such as jute, rice husk, bamboo, coconut, banana, flax, hemp, pineapple, sisal, and wheat husk.

Figure 16.1. Synthetic fiber – Kevlar.

Figure 16.2. Natural fiber – oil palm empty fruit bunch.

There are various types of hybrid composites such as hybrids between synthetic-synthetic fibers, synthetic-natural fibers, and natural-natural fibers. The synthetic fibers normally used for hybrid composites are Kevlar, carbon, and glass fibers.

Generally, synthetic fibers are manufactured through energy intensive processes that produce toxic by-products. The reinforced composites made from synthetic fibers are difficult to recycle and they are resistant to biodegradation. Besides, with increasing governmental pressure, as well as consumer and industrial awareness of the long-term effects of environmental pollution due to noncompostable polymeric products, this situation has led numerous research studies around the world to show an interest in developing greener composites by either eliminating or minimizing the usage of nondegradable synthetic polymeric resin and fibers. Table 16.1 displays hybrid composites made from combinations of synthetic-natural fibers, natural-natural fibers, and synthetic-synthetic fibers.

Table 16.1. Hybrid composites made from various fibers

Author Synthetic-synthetic fiber Natural-natural fiber Natural-synthetic fiber
Rashid et al. [7] – – Coir – Kevlar
Yahya et al. [8] – – Kenaf – Kevlar
Suhad et al. [9] – – Kenaf – Prepreg Kevlar
Tshai et al. [10] – – Polylactide acid composite with empty fruit bunch – chopped glass strand
Al-Mosawi et al. [11] – – Palms – Kevlar
Bachtiar et al. [12] – Sugar palm – Kenaf –
Jawaid et al. [13] – Jute – Oil Palm –
Ahmad et al. [14] – – Jute – Glass
Radif et al. [15] – – Kevlar – Rame polyester
Jawaid et al. [16] – Coir – Oil Palm –
Sharba et al. [17] – – Kenaf – Glass
Warhbe et al. [18] – – Kevlar – Jute
Alavudeen et al. [19] – Banana – Kenaf –
Asaithambi et al. [20] – Banana – Sisal –
Sfarra et al. [21] – Jute – Wool felt –
Jusoh et al. [22] – – Glass – Flex
Glass – Jute
Glass – Basalt
Sahu et al. [23] – Sisal – Pineapple –
Madhukiran et al. [24] – Banana – Pineapple –
Kumar et al. [25] – Bamboo – Banana – Pineapple –
Bhoopathi et al. [26] – – Glass – Hemp – Banana
Karina et al. [27] – – Oil palm – Glass fiber
Rimdusit et al. [28] Kevlar – Polycarbonate/acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene – –
Al-Jeebory et al. [3] Carbon – Kevlar – Araldite matrix – –
Guru Raja et al. [29] Kevlar – Glass – –
Randjbaran et al. [5] Kevlar – Carbon – Glass – –

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Recent advances in tribology of hybrid polymer composites

M. Ramesh , ... C. Deepa , in Tribology of Polymer Composites, 2021

3 Tribological properties of hybrid polymer composites

Hybrid composites are developed to display combined component properties. Adding a reinforcing agent can be in the form of fillers, short fibers, or fabrics to formulate the hybrid composites with various forms of reinforcing pairs. The reinforcement selection is an important factor for addressing the suitability of hybrid composites in tribological applications. The hybrid composites developed in combination with natural and synthetic fibers have enhanced mechanical properties and can be suitable for tribological applications with higher loading. Wear debris, fiber breakage, voids, matrix loss, debonding, and transfer surface are the primary wear mechanisms in the rubbing action of hybrid composites. Including fillers is the important factor influencing their tribological characteristics. The improved mechanical strength with increased tribological efficiency, however, depends on the uniform dispersion of the fillers. The transfer layer plays an important role in assessing the tribological quality of composites based on the polymer. The existence of the transfer layer can be achieved by maintaining low friction and reduced wear through protective shielding.

It is expected that the design of hybrid composites using natural and synthetic fibers will achieve better interfacial strength between the fiber and matrix and minimize the water absorption characteristics. Jesthi et al. [20] researched the dry abrasive wear behavior of hybrid polymer composites reinforced by glass and carbon fibers. The hybrid composites are made up of six glass fiber layers and four carbon fiber layers by using a manual lay-up method and an epoxy polymer. Three body abrasion wear tests were conducted, and it was found that the specific wear rate decreases with the increase in applied load and sliding distance. It was observed that composite hardness, applied load, and sliding distance are the three independent variables that contribute to the prediction of wear rate.

From the investigation into hybrid composites fabricated by using bamboo and glass fibers, it was found that the layer sequence affects the hybrid composite wear behavior. The increased weight percentage of glass fiber showed improvement in mechanical properties while the increase in bamboo fiber weight percentage showed better wear resistance. A study of the erosion behavior of jute and SiC hybrid composites with respect to different parameters such as velocity of impact, fiber content, filler content, and angle of impingement was conducted. It was found that these are the primary factors involved in reducing wear rate. Several researchers used the Taguchi optimization approach to minimize wear loss. The results of the investigation with the combination of cotton fiber and graphite-modified polyester on the hybrid composites show a significant decrease in the common wear rate. It was also observed that the frictional force decreases with the inclusion of a graphite filler and rises in hybrid composites with the introduction of cotton fiber. In addition to ceramic fillers such as SiC and Al2O3, a study on the performance of jute fiber-reinforced epoxy composites was carried out. It was found that composites filled with Al2O3 have increased wear resistance compared to composites filled with SiC. In the case of SiC-added hybrid composites, damage such as large cracks, fiber breakage, and pores was also noted. With the introduction of multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs), hybrid cotton fiber composites in a phenolic matrix exhibit improved wear resistance. Because of their excellent properties such as thermal conductivity, good mechanical strength, aspect ratio, and low thermal degradation limits, MWCNTs are considered an effective nanofiller for polymer matrix composite reinforcement [35].

Madhusudhan et al. [36] reviewed the mechanical properties and tribological characteristics of natural and glass fiber-reinforced hybrid composites. They reported that better flexural and impact properties as well as an increase in thermal properties can be achieved by hybridization. The wear resistance was better in bidirectional glass fiber composites compared to unidirectional reinforced composites. Natural and glass fiber-reinforced polymer composites may be utilized as an alternative material for pure synthetic fiber composites. Betelnut-treated fiber-reinforced polyester composites were manufactured, and the tribological properties were investigated under dry/wet contact conditions against the counterface of stainless steel [25]. The results revealed that the composite's wear and frictional quality were improved by about 54% and 95% compared to the dry condition under wet contact conditions and the composite showed high wear output in an antiparallel orientation under both dry/wet contact conditions.

Hong et al. [37] investigated the tribological properties of core shell structure SiO2 hybrid filler composites and observed that the strengths can be enhanced by the suitable inclusion of SiO2 fillers. The friction coefficient and wear were reduced nearly 88.4% when the addition of filler was about 0.5%. Mohammed et al. [38] investigated the tirbological and corrosion behavior of hybrid composites with fillers for biomedical applications. The packing of linear chains and the branching levels of high-density polyethelene materials resulted in enhanced mechanical and tribological properties. High-density polyethelene is used as a polymer matrix and the properties can be improved by using TiO2 as a binding agent and Al2O3 as a ceramic reinforcement. The wear test was performed using a pin-on-disc tester at a constant speed and under different loads. It was observed that the wear loss decreased with an increase of 10% of TiO2 and alumina. Also, the alumina particles offer wear resistance, a low friction coefficient, and uniform dispersion.

The performance of hybrid polytetrafluoroethylene composites filled with nanoparticles such as nano-β-carborundum, nanocopper, and nano-TiO2 was studied and sliding friction tests were performed by Jia et al. [39]. It was found that the addition of nanoparticles decreases the polytetrafluoroethylene composite friction coefficient and differs within the range of 0.095–0.106. The rolling effect of the nanoparticles between the material pairs reduces the frictional resistance. This increases the properties of wear resistance and composite antifriction. During sliding contact, the transfer film formation is an important factor in reducing the composite wear rate. Lingaraju et al. [40] investigated the impact of nanoparticles on the epoxy composite based on glass fiber epoxy composite systems. A halloysite nanotube was used as a base medium for reinforcing clay and epoxy resin. The dry slide wear test results showed that hybrid nanocomposite wear rates are lower than pure composites. The addition of 2% nanopowders showed an increase of 4.2% in hardness and a decrease of 49% in wear level. The addition of 1% showed an increase of 2% in the hardness and 75% in the wear level.

Sandeep et al. [41] used Grewia optiva as the main reinforcement and rice husk/wheat as particulates for enhancing the wear and mechanical characteristics of composites. Three different types of composites were fabricated by the manual method. The wear test was conducted for different loads (5, 10, and 15   N) at the sliding velocity of 12.5   m/s. It was observed that in Grewia optiva composites incorporated with particulates, the water absorption increased as compared to the unfilled composites. The results revealed that the rice husk and wheat straw content in Grewia optiva composites gave better hardness and wear properties. From the evaluation, it was also found that the erosion behavior of the materials depends on the surface hardness. The hybridization of Grewia optiva composites with agro-waste particulates has potential applications in the areas that require better strength and wear resistance.

Akash and Srivastava [42] discussed the properties of randomly distributed synthetic fiber composites filled with alumina nanoparticles through wear and a microhardness test. The composite specimens were prepared by adding alumina particles, glass, and carbon fibers. The microhardness was tested and the specific wear rate was measured in relation to the addition of alumina, which increased gradually. It was also found that the coefficient of friction corresponding to the loading of alumina particles gradually decreased. The results revealed that the wear and friction behaviors of randomly oriented glass/carbon fiber-reinforced composites increased by adding filler materials. The loss of wear is also least for carbon fiber composites and it decreases when the quantity of the fillers in the composite is improved. It was found that the wear rate is more efficient in hybrid composites.

An examination of dry sliding and abrasive wear analysis on two body abrasive wears of carbon fibers and their hybrid composites showed that the optimal range for short carbon fibers in a matrix is 60%. The study of carbon and glass fiber friction and wear behavior under dry sliding conditions was conducted. For all the tested composites, the wear rate and the friction coefficient increased with the increase of sliding velocity. Among all the tested composites, polyether ether ketone/glass fiber composites exhibited excellent wear resistance while polyether ether ketone/carbon fiber composites exhibited the best tribological behavior. The investigation on bagasse/glass fiber hybrid composites showed that the inclusion of bagasse fibers increased the modulus of elasticity. The bending strength decreased with the addition of bagasse fibers while it improved by adding glass fibers. The wear and friction characteristics of carbon, bagasse, and their hybrid composites were studied. It was observed that the volume of the fiber is an important factor for tribological applications. Also, applied pressure and velocity play vital roles in sliding wear characteristics [43].

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Renewable Alloys, Compounds, Composites, and Additives

Michel Biron , in Industrial Applications of Renewable Plastics, 2017

Hybrid Composites Combining Renewable and Fossil Materials 398

6.5.1

Natural Fiber-Reinforced Fossil Polymers 398

6.5.2

Renewable Polymers Reinforced With Glass or Carbon Fiber 402

6.5.2.1

Glass Fiber Overview 402

6.5.2.2

Overview of Carbon Fiber for Polymer Reinforcement 405

6.5.3

General Influence of the Reinforcement Form on Composite Properties 408

6.5.4

Renewable Sources for Glass Fiber 408

6.5.4.1

Origin of Renewable Glass Fiber 408

6.5.4.2

Recycling of Glass Fiber 408

6.5.5

Renewable Resources for Carbon Fiber 409

6.5.5.1

Pyrolysis Recycling 410

6.5.5.2

Solvolysis Recycling 410

6.5.6

Glass and Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Renewable Polymers 411

6.5.6.1

Carbon Fiber-Reinforced Polymers 411

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